Case Study

Coastal Community Resilience in Maine (CAKE)

As part of its mission, Maine Sea Grant educates communities on important marine and coastal issues. For the last decade, Maine Sea Grant has been engaged in efforts to survey coastal property owners and municipal officials to better understand the climate risks and vulnerabilities that coastal communities face, adaptation activities that could be taken in response to vulnerabilities, and barriers to action. These surveys elucidate the barriers that coastal property owners and officials are faced with in preparing for climate change and coastal hazards, and encourage collaboration between stakeholders to create and implement responses.

Location Orono, ME

Year

2007

Duration 6 years

Details

Hazards

Erosion and Shoreline Recession

Flooding – Coastal

Flooding – General

Flooding – Rainfall-induced

Shifting Species, Habitats, and Ecosystems

Assets

Property

Sources

Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange (CAKE) Maine Sea Grant

Background

Between 2007 and 2009, Maine Sea Grant interviewed coastal property owners and municipal officials in order to gauge beliefs and perceptions on climate change and coastal hazards. The ultimate goal was to increase understanding and coastal community resilience by facilitating communication and cooperation between coastal property owners, officials, and others to prepare for climate change and coastal hazards in the state. This study was expanded upon and additional surveys were conducted in 2015, 2017, and 2018. The impacts of highest concern along Maine’s coast include sea-level rise, erosion, flooding, increased storminess, and habitat loss and/or alteration.

Implementation

Maine Sea Grant and Oregon Sea Grant received a two-year NOAA Sectoral Applications Research Program (SARP) grant to assess the resilience of coastal communities in both states to coastal hazards and climate change. In Maine, Maine Sea Grant partnered with the Maine Geological Survey, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Maine Coastal Program, Climate Change Institute, and the Center for Research and Evaluation to assess coastal communities. With assistance from the Center for Research and Evaluation, Maine Sea Grant developed a needs assessment, outreach plan, and evaluation that targeted coastal property owners and municipal officials.

The needs assessment consisted of six focus groups (70 participants) from 11 coastal communities and surveys sent to nearly 7,000 coastal property owners and 240 municipal officials throughout 2007 and 2008. Participants were asked about information needs; attitudes towards climate change and coastal hazards; behaviors of coastal property owners concerning shoreline protection and management; observed changes to the coastline (e.g., erosion rates); and attitudes regarding federal-state-local lines of communication and resulting action or inaction in shoreline management. Some key results from the assessment included:

Coastal property owners want to take action to prepare for the effects of storms, flooding, and erosion, but do not know how to determine the best strategy for their specific needs.
While coastal property owners believe that storms, flooding, and erosion are having and will continue to have an impact on their properties, they believe that moving structures back on the property or elevating structures are too expensive.
Municipal officials are ready to act, but feel they lack the resources and knowledge needed to take action.
Both coastal property owners and municipal officials use often use traditional resources for information, including newspapers, television, and websites.
Both coastal property owners and municipal officials agree that there is a need for improved government action in response to coastal storms, but disagree on the right actions to take.

Project leads used this feedback to design the overall outreach message and materials, and create an outreach plan. The evaluation component was meant to allow Maine Sea Grant to analyze the effectiveness of their educational efforts in altering the perceptions and, ultimately, the behavior of coastal property owners and municipal officials toward climate change and sea level rise. A small-scale evaluation of the educational materials demonstrated that understanding of the issues was increased; a behavior shift would require more detailed and longer-term follow up efforts.

Maine Sea Grant has continued to build upon this work with additional surveys conducted in 2015, 2017, and 2018. The most recent survey, sent to municipal officials in 2018, was designed to help Maine Sea Grant better understand the climate risks and vulnerabilities that coastal communities face, adaptation activities that municipalities are undertaking, and barriers to adaptation action. Some key findings include: (1) the need for fine-scale, interactive maps and data and the ability to analyze and interpret data; (2) the need to better understand social vulnerability factors and incorporate social vulnerability assessments into adaptation planning efforts; (3) the importance of local champions and their ability to intuitively employ best practices for community engagement.

Maine Sea Grant is also engaged in other coastal community resilience efforts, including funding modeling work to generate custom maps of coastal flooding, sea level rise, and storms; releasing Maine’s Climate Future 2015, which examines trends in key indicators of a changing climate in Maine; and engaging in the Maine Ocean and Coastal Acidification Partnership, among other efforts.

Citation

Gregg, R. M. (2020). Coastal Community Resilience in Maine [Case study on a project of Maine Sea Grant]. Product of EcoAdapt's State of Adaptation Program. (Last updated April 2020)

This case study was originally published on the EcoAdapt Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange.

Lessons Learned

Oregon Sea Grant produced a five-part documentary for Maine Sea Grant. Forty-five participants at two June 2009 workshops in Kennebunk and Rockland viewed the documentary and then engaged in peer and expert panel discussion about the results of the project. In addition, a final technical report was released in 2010 about Maine’s efforts on the project, Climate Variability and Coastal Community Resilience: Developing and Testing a National Model and State-based Outreach.

In 2018, Maine Sea Grant and the University of Maine Cooperative Extension released a fact sheet, Counteracting the Myth of Dry Feet in Dutch Planning for Flood Defense: Lessons for New England, which examined the approaches used by the Dutch to engage stakeholders in planning for flood defense. In 2019, a journal article, Preparing for a Changing Climate: The State of Adaptation Planning in Maine’s Coastal Communities, was released, which details the findings of the 2018 survey with municipal officials.